Shareholder Wealth Maximization And Stakeholder Capitalism Model Economics Essay

Shareholder Wealth Maximization And Stakeholder Capitalism Model Economics Essay The Anglo-American markets are described by a philosophy that a firms objective should follow the shareholder wealth maximization (SWM) model. Anglo-American is defined to mean the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. This theory presumed that the firm should try to maximize the return to shareholders, as measured by the total of capital gains and dividends, for a certain level of risk. On the other hand, the firm should minimize the risk to shareholders for a given rate of return. The SWM model assumes as a universal truth that the stock market is efficient. The share price is always correct because it reflects the expectations of return and risk as perceived by investors. It quickly incorporates new information into the share price. Share prices, in turn, are considered as the best allocators of capital in the macro economy. The SWM model also treats its definition of risk as a universal truth. Risk is defined as the added risk that the firms shares br ing to a diversified portfolio. The total operational risk of the firm can be eliminated through portfolio diversification by the investors. Therefore, this unsystematic risk, as known as diversifiable risk, the risk of the individual security, should not be a prime concern for management unless it increases the prospect of bankruptcy. Systematic risk, as known as non-diversifiable risk, the risk of the market in general, cannot be eliminated. This reflects risk that the share price will be a function of the stock market. Corporate wealth maximization model In contrast to the SWM model, Continental European and Japanese markets are characterized by a philosophy that a corporations objective should be to maximize corporate wealth. Thus, a firm should consider shareholders on a par with other corporate interest groups, such as management, labor, the local community, suppliers, creditors, and even the government. The goal is to earn as much as possible in the long run, but to maintain enough to increase the corporate wealth for the benefit of all interest groups. This model is also called the stakeholder capitalism model. The definition of corporate wealth is much broader than just financial wealth, such as cash marketable securities, and unused credit lines. It includes the firms technical, market, and human resources. as a result, it goes beyond the wealth measured by normal financial reports to take in account the firms market position as well as the knowledge and skill of its employees in technology, manufacturing processes, marketing and administration of the enterprise. The corporate wealth maximization (CWM) model does not assume that equity markets are either efficient or inefficient. It does not really matter, as the firms financial goals are not fully shareholder-oriented. In any case, the model assumes that long-term loyal shareholders should influence corporate strategy, not the transient portfolio investor. The CWM model assumes that total risk, that is, operating and financial risk, does count. It is a specific corporate objective to generate growing earnings and dividends over the long run with as much certainty as possible, given the firms mission statement and goals. Risk is measured more by product market variability than by short term variation in earnings and share price. Comparison of Shareholder Wealth Maximization and Stakeholder Capitalism Models Shareholder Wealth Maximization Model Stakeholder Capitalism Model Based on the assumption of share price efficiency i.e. the share price in the market reflects intrinsic value and shareholders wealth No assumption on share price efficiency Firms objective is to maximize shareholders wealth by achieving the highest possible total return to equity (including both capital appreciation and dividend distribution) Firms objective is to maximize corporate wealth but return to equity is constrained by the interest of other stakeholders such as creditors, employees, governments, etc. Only systematic risk is a prime concern for management as unsystematic risk is supposed to be diversified Total risk (operating and financial risk) is considered by management Corporate strategies are directed by the board on behalf of shareholders Corporate strategies are influenced by long-term stakeholders rather than mobile portfolio investors Journal 2: Shareholder Wealth Maximization According to the maximization model, there are three types of maximization in a company, which are shareholder maximization, stakeholder-owner maximization and total stakeholder maximization. Shareholder maximization is a particular case of stakeholder-owner maximization, where only the pure owner interest as supplier of risk-capital is considered in the maximization. The stakeholder-owner has particular resources and interests which are important for the commitment of other stakeholders and thus for the economic performance of the venture as a whole and for the distribution of stakeholder benefits. Examples of such stakeholder-owners would include managers within the company who were also shareholders or suppliers who had an interest in the ownership of the company. Total stakeholder maximization includes the advantages for all groups, such as employees, local communities, shareholders, suppliers, customers, investors and partners. Among the three maximization of a company, shareholder wealth maximization plays a significant role and indeed more important than the other two, which are stakeholder-owner maximization and total stakeholder maximization. Many assume that total stakeholder maximization is the most important maximization for a company, yet in reality, such maximization is not easy to achieve. Under the new field of corporate social responsibility, many company are encourage to take the interests of all stakeholder (not only shareholder) into consideration during their decision making process. This is a process where the conflict of interest between shareholder and stakeholder eventually happen. For example, if the general public is part of the stakeholder considered under corporate social responsibility (CSR) governance, a conflict might occur when the company decide to carry out operation that would increase the profit of the company, specifically shareholder but at the mean time the operation may c ause more pollution to the environment, which is at the disadvantage of the public (the stakeholder). In short, total stakeholder maximization can be hard to achieve as a profit and earning for a group of the stakeholder (shareholder) can sometime be the disadvantage and loss of another group of stakeholder (group other than shareholder) or vice-versa. The general type of maximization that companies pursue is stakeholder-owner maximization. Maximization of shareholder value is actually a special case of stakeholder-owner maximization. Under restrictive assumptions, the shareholder maximization is larger or equal to stakeholder-owner maximization. Generally, the main objective of most companies is to maximize its value to its shareholders.   Value is represented by the market price of the companys common stocks, which is a reflection of the firms investment, financing, and dividend decisions. Otherwise, the companies should minimize the risk to shareholders for a given rate of return. In reality, companies are more concern about shareholder wealth maximization as this is what the company is portraying to the public. Take an example, if a company focus more on its stakeholder-owner maximization rather than the shareholder wealth maximization, the shareholder (including general public who own an amount of the stock of the company) m ay gain less or no profit and in some cases even suffer a loss. In this situation, it can bring a negative influence to the perspective of others towards the company which will then lower the value of the company and in the long run, curbs the development of the company. In conclusion, shareholder maximization is more important than the others. This is because shareholders are solely the holder that finance a company or provide finance for a company development. However, stakeholder-owner maximization too must be taken into consideration as they may be the human resources or the resources that mainly contribute to the performance of a company. Journal 3: Is Shareholder Wealth Maximization immoral? Shareholder Wealth Maximization A company that implements shareholder wealth maximization indicates that its goal of management is strive to maximize the return in term of capital gain and dividend paid to its shareholders. The ultimate objective of all activity within the firm is the maximization of shareholder wealth. However, financial economists should be increasingly aware of growing dissent from, or at least equivocation on, that standard finance definition of corporate objectives. The idea in shareholder wealth maximization model is that shareholders are the group that take the greatest risks and thus deserves special treatment is a fiction. In shareholder wealth maximization model, managers make decision on the basis of stock price maximization. The first myth is that making decisions on the basis of stock price maximization is amoral, that is morally value neutral. The second myth is one commonly held by business ethicists, namely, that decisions premised on shareholder wealth maximization are strictly immoral. The myth that making decision on the basis of stock price maximization is morally value neutral held by financial economists because belief in it can exempt them from any moral self-examination. Shareholder wealth maximization serves as a conduit of ethics rather than a net determinant of ethical behaviour. Besides, every firm strive to pursue shareholder wealth maximization leads to maximum aggregate economic benefit, they think that its not just benefit to the shareholder but also the society. This will come about as scarce resources are directed to their most productive use by businesses competing to create wealth. The implication of such a defense is that shareholder wealth maximization is morally neutral. In addition, a manager acting in accordance with shareholder wealth maximization is not exercising any particular moral judgment. For example, the manager makes decision that act in the interests of whoever has the greatest economic influence on the companys stock price. On the other hand, the business ethics literature clearly rejects shareholder wealth maximization as an ultimate justification for decisions in business, and they apparently proffer some more ethereal, less material ultimate justification as an alternative. Besides, as a justification for behavior, shareholder wealth maximization is rarely sanctioned by business ethicists because this model just emphasis on the interests of shareholders. This model focuses on the equity market value which is revealed in the companys stock price. A manager pursuing shareholder wealth maximization is concerned with anything that affects the company value. In fact, stock price is increasingly being determined by a series of intangible factors such as employee relations, credit quality, environment sensitivity, product reliability, cultural sensitivity and whatever society values. A management group that is insensitive to the needs and concerns of stakeholders will not flourish financially and, of course, a company that does not flourish financially will not be able to help stakeholders. So, shareholder wealth maximization is not morally neutral and not simply immoral. It neither favors strictly material objectives, nor does it unfairly favour stockholder over other stakeholders. In accepting shareholder wealth maximization as the objectives, business professional should not abrogate all moral common sense when making any decisions. Only through sound moral judgment on the part of individual managers can the organizational premise of shareholder wealth maximization be morally justified. Journal 4: Globalizing Asia: Towards a New Development Paradigm Journal 5: The U.S. Capitalism Model Has Failed Stakeholder Capitalism Model Stakeholder capitalism model says that company should make decisions by taking into account the interests of all the stakeholders in the firm. Stakeholders include all individuals or groups who can significantly affect the welfare of the firm in the aspects of not only the financial claimants, but also employees, management, customers, local community, supply chain members, local or national government and creditors. One of the important variables in this model is considering all stakeholders interest as they are people who support and sustain the company. In the stakeholder capitalism model, it is argued that firms should pay attention to all their supporters that can affect the firm. Managers and boards of directors of company have vital roles on making decisions that suit multiple competing and inconsistent constituent interests. However, there are different demands and interests from stakeholders. Customers want low prices, high quality, expensive service and so on. Employees want high wages, high quality working conditions, and fringe benefits including vacations, medical benefits, pensions and the rest. Suppliers of capital or known as shareholders want low risk and high returns. Communities want high charitable contributions, social expenditures by firms to benefit the community at large such as build hospital, donation, stable employment provided, increased investment, and so on. In making these critical decisions, company must specify how to make the tradeoffs between these often conflicting and inconsistent demands from vario us stakeholders. Many managers and directors of organizations still embrace stakeholder capitalism theory even will be failed at last if they are competing with firms that are behaving so as to maximize value. The theory allows managers and directors to manage company resources in the way they like because the management of the resources in stakeholder capitalism model is inexplicable. Therefore, this allows self-interested managers to pursue their own interests at the expense of society and the firms financial claimants. It may permit managers and directors to invest in their favourite projects that diminish firm value. As a result, agency cost increases because management of company does not act in shareholders interest. Management is given free authority to do almost whatever they want to. So, they may not follow or implement what shareholders require them to do. The other variable is free power. Managers are empowered to exercise their own preferences in spending the firms resource. If the manage ment uses the authority given wisely, company will sustain growth and vice versa. I would prefer stakeholder capitalism model because not only owners, investors, and managers able to share profits but also employees, suppliers and other individuals or groups that related to firm. In stakeholder capitalism model, employees are involved in management decisions and profit distribution. The benefit of the stakeholder capitalism model is cooperative relationship between employees and management that allows steady productivity for sustainability of the firms. If there is few goals such as maximize profits, market share, growth in profits, and others, this will make management has no idea what to achieve. The management cannot focus on a single goal thus makes the firm inefficient. As to solve this, firm can specify the tradeoffs among different groups of stakeholders. Effects of the decisions no matter good or bad that are affecting firm are listed out. For example, cash flow, operating and financial risk which are the main concerns of every corporation. Another variable is single goal. Single goal set allows company to concentrate on accomplishing single purpose as to satisfy stakeholders interest and it requires a deep knowledge on choosing the single goal to achieve.

Wonder Collar :: Animals Product Advertisement Essays

Wonder Collar Pet owners, you know that technology has given us great many tools to make life easier and happier for you and your pet. With things like invisible fencing and the microchip ID, you pet's safety is greatly increased. And with noise training products, you can live at peace with you pet humanely. But the problem with these products is that you have to buy four or five different products each with its own collar. It is impossible to use them all at one. Well this is a problem no longer with the WonderCollar. The WonderCollar is a all in one collar. NO more switching collars for training and for your fence. The best part is that you get to decide which products you want. By visiting our webpage, you can choose the options you want and your collar will then be custom made! Here is a look at some of the options featured on the WonderCollar. Noise Training Does your dog have a hard time listening to you? Are you at your wits end because your dog chews on the furniture, jumps on visitors, digs in the yard, or excessively barks and you have tired all the tricks in the book to get him to stop? Now there is help. Our system comes with a noise training option to help deter unwanted behaviors and to teach your dog some basic obedience. As we all know, there is a wrong way and a right way to use "trainers". That is why each of our products comes with a training manual and video, and we have a hotline available so that you can find the answer to any other questions you might have. Here is a closer look at the WonderCollar's noise training options. The Collar The remote training collar attachment allows you to "train without pain." It uses the same technology as a pager. A remote sends a signal to the collar, which then vibrates or produces a noise. There is a switch on the collar attachment that allows for eight levels of noise and three levels of vibration. Another switch allows you to choose the noise or vibration option, or both! The pager has a range of up to 100 ft. and can be used indoors and out-of-doors. The collar attachment has an internal antenna and is waterproof. Perfect for all types of environments. It also comes with an on/off safety switch. It is powered by a 6-volt battery pack that is interchangeable between all the WonderCollar's attachments. Wonder Collar :: Animals Product Advertisement Essays Wonder Collar Pet owners, you know that technology has given us great many tools to make life easier and happier for you and your pet. With things like invisible fencing and the microchip ID, you pet's safety is greatly increased. And with noise training products, you can live at peace with you pet humanely. But the problem with these products is that you have to buy four or five different products each with its own collar. It is impossible to use them all at one. Well this is a problem no longer with the WonderCollar. The WonderCollar is a all in one collar. NO more switching collars for training and for your fence. The best part is that you get to decide which products you want. By visiting our webpage, you can choose the options you want and your collar will then be custom made! Here is a look at some of the options featured on the WonderCollar. Noise Training Does your dog have a hard time listening to you? Are you at your wits end because your dog chews on the furniture, jumps on visitors, digs in the yard, or excessively barks and you have tired all the tricks in the book to get him to stop? Now there is help. Our system comes with a noise training option to help deter unwanted behaviors and to teach your dog some basic obedience. As we all know, there is a wrong way and a right way to use "trainers". That is why each of our products comes with a training manual and video, and we have a hotline available so that you can find the answer to any other questions you might have. Here is a closer look at the WonderCollar's noise training options. The Collar The remote training collar attachment allows you to "train without pain." It uses the same technology as a pager. A remote sends a signal to the collar, which then vibrates or produces a noise. There is a switch on the collar attachment that allows for eight levels of noise and three levels of vibration. Another switch allows you to choose the noise or vibration option, or both! The pager has a range of up to 100 ft. and can be used indoors and out-of-doors. The collar attachment has an internal antenna and is waterproof. Perfect for all types of environments. It also comes with an on/off safety switch. It is powered by a 6-volt battery pack that is interchangeable between all the WonderCollar's attachments.

Financial Report of Loewen Group Inc. Essay -- Finances Accounting Bus

Financial Report of Loewen Group Inc. The Loewen Group Inc. was founded in 1969. The company has two major headquarters in North America, one in Burnaby, British Colombia and a second in Cincinnati, Ohio. Loewen Group Inc. (L.G.I.) is the largest funeral services enterprise in Canada and is the second largest company in the North American Funeral Services Industry. L.G.I. owns 918 funeral homes and 269 cemeteries and also engages in the pre-need selling of funeral services including cemetery and cremation services. The company strives on respecting its Eagle Principle, which is displayed on the first page of its 1995 Annual Report: "To soar to heights of possibilities one needs two equally healthy, strong wings - one being that of people or service concerns, the other that of responsible planning and fiscal management. It is the balance of these wings that enables the eagle to soar beyond all heights"1 In 1995, the company defended itself against two major lawsuits, as well as continued to negotiate acquisition agreements. The Loewen Group Inc. stresses that once an acquisition has been completed, local management is encouraged to remain and offers long term contracts to its key employees, rarely dismissing the other employees. L.G.I. provides many services to its acquired companies including offering training to new employees on its management information systems and covering costs for any renovations which are needed on the acquired locations. Each funeral home and cemetery is operated as a distinct profit centre, with monthly and annual financial performance monitored by regional and corporate management in accordance with budgeted projections. This report includes a study of The Canadian Funeral Services Industry practices, a review of the take-over attempt by Service Corporation International, an analysis of the Loewen Group Inc. 1995 Annual Report for the period ending December 31, 1995, and examination of the revenue recognition practices used by L.G.I.. The Funeral Services Industry According to a paper issued in August 1995, by Statistics Canada's Services, Science and technology Division Final Purchase, Growing Demand: The Canadian Funeral Services Industry, the funeral services industry, in comparison to other industries, has historically been considered a low risk industry. The Fu... ...adian Funeral Services Industry. APPENDIX D: Total Revenue of the Funeral Services Industry by Sector Source: p.4 of Final Purchase, Growing Demand The Canadian Funeral Services Industry. APPENDIX E: The Scott Formula (Expressed in thousands of U.S. Dollars) 1995 1994 Symbols Total assets 2262980 1326275 A Total liabilities 1648298 915136 L Total equity 614682 411139 E Total revenue 599939 417328 REV Net income (76684) 38494 NI Interest expense 50913 34203 INT Income tax rate (38.1) % 33.9 % TR After-tax interest expense 50913 * 1.381 = 70311 34203 * .661 = 22608 ATI = INT (1 - TR) ROE (return on equity) (76684) / 614682 = (0.125) 38494 / 411139 = 0.094 NI / E SR (sales return before interest) [(76684) + 70311] / 599939 = (0.011) [38494 + 22608] / 417328 = 0.146 [NI + ATI] / REV AT (asset turnover) 599939 / 2262980 = 0.265 417328 / 1326275 = 0.315 REV / A ROA (return on assets) [(76684) + 70311] / 2262980 = (0.003) [38494 + 22608] / 1326275 = 0.046 [NI + ATI] / A IN (average interest rate after tax) 70311 / 1648298 = 0.043 22608 / 915136 = 0.025 ATI / L D / E (debt-equity ratio) 1648298 / 614682 = 2.682 915136 / 411139 = 2.226 L / E

Children Need Talk In Order To Learn Education Essay

This survey will be based in MC primary school, a Leicester interior metropolis school. Most of the observations will come from the foundation phase 2 categories. This school is a really culturally diverse school, with huge differences in abilities amongst the kids. Most of the kids come to this school with virtually no English or really small ( EAL ) . The ground behind me carry oning this survey is to see how important talk for acquisition is, if it is something which is important for a kids and instructors or is it something fiddling which has really small importance. It is of import for me to first explicate what is meant by talk for acquisition. Talk is seen to be important for larning non merely for kids but for instructors besides. This assignment will be looking at if talk is important to kids ‘s apprehension of the universe and important for instructors to understand kids. I will look at what many theoreticians have to state and look at surveies which either support talk for acquisition or rebut the thought of talk for acquisition. First I will look at what a few theoreticians have to state about talk for acquisition and so look at how oppugning can assist instructors advance talk to derive apprehension of kids before summing everything together. Piaget was one of the first theoreticians who felt that the thought that intelligence derives from the coordination of action in the kid ‘s environment. He believed that kids ‘s active building of their ain apprehension is cardinal to their cognitive development. He opposed the impression of transmition of cognition from instructor to pupil as a theoretical account of cognitive development. He believed that interaction between kids is a really strong beginning of advancement, but non cardinal to his chief organic structure of work. Piaget besides thought that when kids are faced with jobs they will normally repair on the first relevant factor they identify but Piaget said in order for them to come on they need exposure to many different positions. However, these positions are merely helpful when from the same position so equals. Adults position will merely impede them as this does non assist their thought and development as they will either disregard their positions if th ey can or merely merely follow with what they have said. A survey which supports the thought of kids ‘s thought and development being increased by other positions of kids come from Doise, Murphy and Perret Clermont. They conducted a survey to see if socio-cognitive struggle would advance persons advancement and apprehension. In this survey the cardinal inquiry was whether kids who were given the chance to work on a undertaking together would do greater single advancement than those who were non given such an chance. Children were put in to two groups the controlled group were they did the undertaking separately and the experimental group where they were put into braces to finish the undertaking. Each kid had a mopboard which had theoretical account edifices which formed a small small town. The edifices were orientated in relation to a fixed grade on the mopboard. This agreement was placed in forepart of the kid on a tabletop. To the side of the kid was another tabular array, w ith an indistinguishable mopboard, but orientated otherwise in relation to the kid. The undertaking was to utilize a reproduction set of theoretical account edifices to animate precisely the same small town on this 2nd tabular array. Findingss showed that the kids in the experimental group showed the most betterment in apprehension, ground being is the kids who worked in braces or little groups would normally be confronted with solutions which differed from their ain. This struggle, and the socially engendered demand to decide it, would motivate each kid to re analyze their ain initial thoughts, and could take the kids to recognize a higher order solution that resolved the struggle ( Mugney et al. , 1981 as cited in GREEN ) . They found that it did n't count if any of the kids were non advanced than others or the demand to be right. Equally long as there is a struggle of position is adequate to acquire kids believing. However there are some unfavorable judgments for this survey. One can oppugn the cardinal function of struggle being an issue. Blaye ( 1988 as cited from GREEN ) criticised the construct to be obscure and sick defined, missing ecological cogency as it would be difficult to transport out outside the research scenes. Tudge ( 1989 as cited from GREEN ) besides had grounds to propose that in certain fortunes peer interaction can ensue in arrested development every bit good as development. Unlike Piaget, Vygotsky ( 1978 as cited from GREEN ) conceptualised societal interaction as being at the nucleus of the development procedure. Contrasting to Piaget, Vygotsky ( 1978 as cited from GREEN ) believed that societal activity concepts cognition and understanding particularly when kids interact with others who are more advanced and capable in society. Therefore rebuting Piaget ‘s thought that when kids interact with those of more power and have a higher position, hinders kids ‘s apprehension and thought. Vygotsky saw linguistic communication as non merely a cultural tool for sharing and developing but besides a psychological tool to assist organize our single ideas ( LIGHT BLUE ) . Vygotsky developed the construct of the zone of proximal development ( ZPD ) which is ‘the distance between the existent development degree as determined by independent job resolution and the degree of possible development as determined through job work outing under grownup counsel or in coaction with more capable equals ‘ ( Vygotsky 1978: 86 as cited in LIGHT BLUE ) . ZPD represents the difference in accomplishment when working independently and working with counsel from grownups who are more advanced and capable. Both Vygotsky and Piaget believe that acquisition is active and both confirm the value of societal interaction for larning and development regardless of who it may be between as both will affect duologue. One construct that complements Vygotsky ‘s theory of ZPD is Bruner ‘s ( 1985 ) impression of scaffolding. Scaffolding is the ‘support that grownups provide in the acquisition procedure†¦ whereby an grownup varies the degree of support, bit by bit retreating it as the kid additions in competence ‘ ( cited from LIGHT BLUE ) . Both Bruner ‘s and Vygotsky ‘s cardinal schemes are patterning, demoing kids illustrations of work by experts. , showing, demoing the processs that experts go through when bring forthing work and back uping kids as they learn ( Cobden 2000: 10 ) . Research ( Galton et al. 1999 as cited from LIGHT BLUE ) shows that instructors tend to inquire largely closed inquiries which normally promote a simple consecutive reply. The reply being the one the instructor has already got in their caputs. Therefore, kids are non researching their ain apprehension and positions. Alternatively they ‘re merely supplying replies that the instructor is looking for ensuing into a ‘guess what I am believing of ‘ type inquiry. I carried out my directed undertaking on merely 2 of the kids from one of the foundation phase 2 categories, Annie and Zunaid. Both kids were of mean ability. I chose to carry on my surveies on merely two kids as it would be easier to detect and supervise while entering my findings at the same clip. The session I planned for Annie and Zunaid was a maths session. I devised a lesson program with the lesson nonsubjective being kids able to utilize two different groups to do a entire figure given ( see†¦ ) . I used 2 groups of small wooden forms trigons and diamonds. Before I asked the kids to give me a sum of a certain figure utilizing both forms, I demonstrated what I wanted the kids to make and do certain I was believing out loud so they can see what I was making and why. So I made certain both groups were separated and I asked the kids ‘hmmm what figure should I do utilizing these forms? ‘ and I was given 6. So I started with one group and counted out loud while util izing one to one correspondence, I made certain I moved each form towards me and said ‘1, 2, 3, 4, ‘ and so moved to the following group and counted on making the same thing, ‘5, 6 ‘ . I made certain I emphasised the last figure once more and said out loud, ‘I made 6. I used 4 trigons and 2 diamonds and all together they make 6 ‘ . I made certain I spoke clearly and easy in order for the kids to see what I was making and made certain I modelled twice before I let them go on. When the kids were given a figure to do, I observed and found they were either numbering really softly or in their caputs so I asked if they could number out loud for me, which they so did. I found I had to utilize a few prompts at the beginning to remind them to speak about how they made the entire figure. ‘what figure have you made, how many trigons did you usage and how many diamonds, and that made? ‘ these prompts were used in order for me to see if the kids kn ew what they were making and if they made the figure right. It gave the kids room to rectify any errors as they would usually tell when prompted and I found when they counted out loud and they had 1 more than the figure they were given they would merely take it off and say the right sum or add on another form. I recorded data/observations on gluey notes ( see†¦ ) in brief which I so wrote out on the kid observation sheets in item ( see.. ) . If you have a expression at appendices lesson rating 6/11/09 and 13/11/09 you will besides happen that In these lesson ratings talk and inquiring helped the kids to understand what I was making which hence resulted in them being able to make the undertakings. I have besides stated that inquiring more inquiries and speaking about what I am making or hold done helps kids ‘s apprehension and helps me understand how they have carried undertakings out. The ground why I chose to ease talk during a maths session is because I found during most maths session both focus kids were really quiet and frequently made errors such as numbering excessively fast while utilizing one to one correspondence, loath to number at all or out loud. I thought acquiring the kids to speak more about what they were making and how they were making it would assist them with maths jobs. That is why I decided to concentrate on maths. After looking at theoreticians thoughts and position on talk for acquisition and looking at instructors oppugning schemes it is apparent ( lesson rating 6/11/09 ) that patterning and speaking about how I how I made a figure and inquiring inquiries helped, even though this might hold helped and worked efficaciously I besides stated that I need to inquire more inquiries and still pattern more. This is besides the instance in my followers ( 13/11/09 lesson rating ) session, were I stated talk and modeling to be effectual in back uping the kids ‘s acquisition. this can be related to Vygotsky ‘s and Bruner ‘s schemes patterning, showing and back uping. To advance talk in the category I was based in, I made certain I asked inquiries which helped me understand what the kids have done, how they have done it and why. This is apparent in the P.E. lesson program dated 16/11/09. I asked different types of inquiries during the session, inquiries which required callback of the old Sessionss, inquiries to happen out what they thought and their ain positions, inquiries which required them to give sentiments on others and why. All these different types of inquiries were asked so I could understand the kids better. Learn more approximately them as persons and besides see them develop new thoughts. Once one kid gave a response to the inquiry ‘how could we travel on this equipment? ‘ it normally stimulated others to give their thoughts including new thoughts. This was good as it promoted originative thought. Furthermore, as this was an unfastened inquiry the kids had the freedom to state what they wanted without the fright of giving a incorrect reply. Normally when kids are asked inquiries which require consecutive replies, I found that in some instances they would either be loath to reply, which could propose fright of being incorrect or they would merely take random conjectures. As the kids were really immature it was more of import to advance talk to measure and measure them as persons. Although unfastened inquiries were utile in acquiring a scope of different thoughts and replies, sometimes I needed to inquire inquiries which required a right reply, so a specific reply. This was the instance in certain maths Sessionss. During the maths directed undertakings I needed to happen out what the largest figure they could number up to right ( maths directed undertaking lesson program 11/11/09 ) and besides be able to number two different groups by numbering on ( maths directed undertaking 2 lesson program 19/11/09 ) . This was besides the instance in the cognition and apprehension of the universe Sessionss ( KUW lesson program 17/11/09 ) . Asking closed inquiries helped me understand if the kids understood or knew the reply. If an incorrect reply was given it would merely do me more cognizant of what the kid is fighting with and hence besides consequence in me reflecting on my ain pattern excessively see what I may be making incorrect or how I could assist the kid in inqui ry. Although closed inquiries may hold been asked sometimes in Sessionss ( KUW/CLL 9/11/09 ) it helps to speak about shared experiences to assist develop originative thoughts. This is apparent in one of the cognition and apprehension of the universe session were kids watched a picture on pyrotechnics and had to do their ain ( lesson rating KUW/CLL 10/11/09 ) . You can see in the observations ( Annie 10/11/09 ) , she was speaking about what she is making and depicting her pyrotechnic and besides related it to something that looked similar, this suggests that she can associate it to things which may be similar and familiar to her and besides helps me understand how she see ‘s pyrotechnics.

Retailmax

RetailMax: â€Å"Role for Cam Archer and Regan Kessel† Sabrina Brown Professor Lahargoue Grand Canyon University: LDR-610 March 13, 2013 RetailMax: â€Å"Role for Cam Archer and Regan Kessel† What is RetailMax? RetailMax, Inc. is a young Boston- based company that provides merchandise, optimization software, and assistance with tasks such as; preseason planning inventory management, product pricing, and forecasting customer demands to major retailers. RetailMax was founded in 1984 as a consulting company and transitioned to a software company in 1998.Like many other software companies, RetailMax was forced to downsize in areas that were not directly involved with making or selling software, however since hiring Todd Elman as the new CEO, the company bounced back and were able to hire more than 100 employees to work (2006). Who is Cam Archer? Cam Archer started working at RetailMax within a business development capacity where she managed strategic alliances and partnersh ips after just graduating with her MBA from a leading business school.In the position Cam was in, she has a very good reputation from both internally and by her customers that she is very smart, diligent, and valuable individual (2006). However, after years of being in a sales position Cam decided to start exploring other options at RetailMax where he can stay with the company but change to another position with less or no traveling required. Who is Regan Kessel? Regan is the Vice President of Product Management and Marketing (PMM) for RetailMax, Inc. , Regan has 20 years of experience working in the industry.Regan founded his own retail supply chain software company, which was sold to IBM in 1996. Since then has developed product and marketing strategies for numerous supply chain companies, and recently worked with a Dallas-Based company commuting to Texas from home base to Boston. Todd approached Regan to come aboard with RetailMax and he did accept the offer. Who has the greatest potential power and why? Between Vince Mangini, the Vice President of Professional Services (PS) and Regan Kessel, the Vice President of Product Management and Marketing (PMM), Regan Kessel has the greater potential power.Why? Because if one sit back and take a hard look at what each has to offer Cam, Vince only has to offer more money verses Regan, he has much more to offer Cam. Vince not only offers a good salary, but room for growth if Cam ever decides to move up the ladder. Vince offers less or no traveling which what Cam was originally looking for and her purpose of wanting to find another position. Also, Cam is able to report to Vince directly other than having to report to an individual over her first, then to Vince.In comparing who portrays what type of power, Cam portrays Personal and Expert power which comes from her experiences, skills, and or knowledge. Cam not only gained experience in particular areas, but she became known as leader material in certain areas because o f how effective she was when making sells. Therefore, over time she began to portray having expert power in which can be utilized to get others to help meet certain goals as well. Regan portrays to have Referent Power.Regan does not come off as a person that you can trust, but being that he took the time off to research a fair salary for Cam not only based on her education but her experience as well seems as if he is an individual one can certainly trust and know you are going to be treated fairly. Vince portrays Formal and Coercive Power. Vince knew Cam wanted to obtain a position in which does not require little are no traveling. However, he insisted on making her an offer by using dollar figures. Vince also made smart comments to Cam such as; â€Å"If you try to sit on two chairs at one time, you are going to end up on the floor†.This comment does not allow Cam to make the right decision based on what she feels is best for her; this comment is saying look you know you cann ot do both jobs at one time so you need to hurry up and decide what you want to do for Vince benefit. Did stereotypical gender roles influence either party to proceed in a certain manner? Explain how they did or did not act stereotypically. No, gender roles did not influence either party to proceed in certain manners; it was about who can get Cam and how much she is willing to make to be a part of their organization.Regan wanted Cam because of her success rate in what she did, and knowing that he knew she was looking for a new position and was highly recommend by the CEO he was willing to give her a chance in a new position. Vince wanted Cam because of her success rate as well; however he was willing to offer Cam more money but less stability in which she will still be traveling, and not able to report to him directly, and with no room for growth. What social factors (such as reputation, the prior relationship between the parties, and their mutual ties to others in the organization, including the CEO) affected each person's power?The social factors that affected Regan was when he found out his other colleague Mangini knew that he was going to hire Cam, but then he decided to offer her another position with a higher salary. I know this is business, but that was a little dirty to do. Cam has been with the company for a longtime, therefore she has more of an advantage than others when applying for other positions. This is how she was able to get an offer from Regan being that he knew the CEO and he asked Regan to give him a chance even in this new position. In reading both articles, assumptions were not really made from each side.Basically, what was discussed between them all was pertaining to business choices. Cam had to decide in which direction she wanted to go while Reagan, Mangini, and Todd wait for a finalized decision. Archer should be interested in the Marketing position because it will enable her for room for success, it will give her more time having a social life, and less travel. This position will strengthen her power once she gets the title. With the title will come respect; Kessel should definitely hire Archer being that Archer has reported not only to be a success factor for the company, but her reputation all together speaks by itself.Kessel will do great things if Archer comes on board. If Kessel hires Archer the proven work that Archer has done in the past, individuals will definitely sit back and watch how will do things as a team together. What positive effect might hiring an external applicant instead have on Kessel's power? If Kessel hires someone externally this should not do anything as far as power is concern. It just shows that things happen and we all need to move on. Therefore, if Kessel really want Archer to work for him, he should offer him the highest he can offer him for that position and offer to pay commission. This will even out at the end eventually.Archer should accept the Marking Position being that th is is something that was always planned when it comes to less or no traveling. Archer need to sit down and just take a really look at things. Money is not everything especially y when you are making a good salary already. After considering all of the above, evaluate who used social power most effectively and why. Out of all the individuals mentioned, Mangini showed the most social power. How? Mangini used not only his position, but his salary as well of what he can offer Cam to bribe Cam to work for him. Mangini even said little remarks to Cam to get Cam to come his way.Cam has to realize being in Marketing is where the heart is, and just because Mangini can offer more money, is what you really want to do with no room for growth, reporting to someone else other that Mangini, and still traveling. My mom use to always say, what look good to you is not always good for you. References McGinn, Kathleen L. , and Dina R. Pradel. â€Å"RetailMax: Role for Regan Kessel. † Harvard Busi ness School Exercise 904-025, May 2006. (Revised from original September 2003 version. ) McGinn. , and Witter. â€Å"RetailMax: Role for Cam Archer†. Harvard Business School (2006).

Difference Between Religion and Spirituality

This paper draws from six published works that deal with psychological and scholarly research on religion and spirituality. The works vary in their definitions and use of the concepts and terminology of religion and spirituality. Hood et al. (2009) suggest that that social scientists have traditionally been able to make a distinction between religion and spirituality in their research. However, other psychologists contend that the definitions overlap. Therefore, the conceptual and operational definitions have been inconsistently used. This paper examines Hood et al. 2009) research in relationship to other works to suggest that a definitive definition of religion and spirituality should be developed and agreed upon to advance the science of religion. Keywords: religion, spirituality In order to explore the differences between religion and spirituality one must attempt to define these terms. However, religion and spirituality are complex concepts not easily or definitively definable; a t least not universally. Their meanings have changed over the course of time. At times they have been used synonymously. Yet, at other times religion and spirituality are considered distinct concepts having no overlap.A Study on Religion and the Role of It on People and Media†¦. Furthermore, religion and spirituality are sometimes viewed as if one encompasses the other. It seems to simply be a matter of opinion; who is defining religion, when and for what purpose. To compound this quandary, social Science research suggests that lay people, religious and psychological educators and researchers define religion and spirituality inconsistently. This makes it particularly difficult for the scientific world to even compare research findings on religion and or spirituality. Religion and spirituality are complex and diverse cultural phenomenon. Hood, Hill, and Spilka (2009), stated â€Å"†¦what one person is sure to call religious may be far removed from another person’s understanding, especially when we begin to analyze religion across traditions and cultures† (p. 7). Western societies (especially in the United States) in the not too distant past, typically define religion as an institutionalized set of beliefs and rituals about God that is experienced and or practiced collectively. Conversely, other regions of the world (including eastern Asia) may define religion as encompassing multiple Gods or even no Gods (e. . ungodly supernatural entities) (Hood, et al. , 2009). Hood et al. , (2009) contend that Americans now use the term spirituality in place of religion. Nelson (2009), agrees with Hood et al. , that spirituality has become a synonym for religion. According to Nelson (2009), religion traditionally referred to all aspects of a human’s search for and relationship to a divine or transcendent (something greater than ourselves). Using the terminology of religion and spirituality interchangeably may be common practice but it doesn’t mean that they mean the same things. Like religion, spirituality has been defined in a myriad of ways. In ancient times spirituality was associated with the Hebrew Christian traditions (Ottaway, 2003). Through the 19th century spirituality was often considered to be synonymous with spiritualism. Spiritualism referred to contact with spirits, the supernatural, and psychic phenomena (Nelson, 2009). Hence, spirituality was considered negatively up until the 21st century. According to Nelson (2009), presently â€Å"the term is often used to denote the experiential and personal side of our relationship to the transcendent or sacred† (p. ). Nelson suggests that the people who use this definition tend to view religion as a distinct narrow concept. They typically define religion as â€Å"the organizational structures, practices, and beliefs of a religious group†, (Nelson, 2009, p. 8). The rise in popularity of spirituality in the last two decades has exaggerated the distinction and or lack of distinction between r eligion and spirituality. Whereas, some modern Americans use the terms interchangeably, others (especially those who abhor mainstream religions and all they are associated with) do not. The latter group might prefer to say that they are â€Å"spiritual but not religious†, (Zinnbauer, et al. , 1997). Conversely, people who unknowingly embrace Epstein’s (1993, 1994) Cognitive-Experiential Self-Theory (CEST) may view spirituality and religion as distinct concepts that are nonetheless related (Hill, 1999). I believe that religion and spirituality can be two distinct concepts but that currently the line between the two is too blurry to be able to distinguish one from the other. One could experience religion without experiencing spirituality (e. g. teenager forced to attend church but merely going through the motions). On the other hand, one could also experience spirituality (e. g. a sense of â€Å"awe† in the presence of nature or enlightenment during meditation) in the absence of religion. Additionally, one could experience both spirituality and religion in the context of the other. For example, one could meditate communally with others in an insti tutional setting (typical of a religious experience) and experience spirituality. Another example is that one could attend church (typical of a religious experience) and meditate individually during the church service. At this point in time, religion and spirituality overlap in a plethora of ways. Each can have a reverence to a God, Gods, or a higher supernatural power or powers. Likewise, religion and spirituality can each have private, public, personal, communal, conscious, unconscious, tangible, intangible, subjective and objective components to them. One difference between spirituality and religion is that â€Å"spirituality does not require an institutional framework†, (Hood, et al, 2009, p. 11). Another difference is that religion does not require communal practices (e. g. an elderly invalid can religiously pray at home). My views on religion and spirituality are that of a layperson and an aspiring psychologist and are indubitably confusing. However, my view doesn’t seem to differ substantially from others (laypersons, religious professionals and scholars, and social science professionals and researchers), as a finite definition for religion or spirituality is nonexistent (Zinnbauer et al. , 2010; Hood et al. , 2009, Nelson, 2009). According to Hood et al. (2009), a traditional distinction exists between religion and spirituality in the research literature, therefore the two terms are not used synonymously. Hood et al. (2009) explains that spirituality is viewed as personal and psychological, while religion is viewed as institutional and sociological. Basically, Hood et al. (2009), contends that religion is steeped in tradition and institution, whereas, spirituality has to do with a person’s personal beliefs, values and behaviors. This definition seems to be consistent with how religion and spirituality were defined between the 19th and 21st centuries. However, it should be noted, that Hood et al. 2009) also, later state that â€Å"in fact it is safe to say that even we three authors of this text do not fully agree with each other about the meaning of these terms† (p. 11). To compound matters, other psychologists suggest that religion and spirituality are used inconsistently in the research literature. Zinnbauer et al, (1997) argue that although social scientists have attempted to define, study, and theorize about religion and spirituality, they have done so inconsistently . â€Å"Still, the ways in which the words are conceptualized an used are often inconsistent in the research literature† (p. 549). According to Bender (2007) religion has been associated with a formal or institutional system and expression of belief and practices that is corporate, public, and conscious in scholarly studies. Conversely, spirituality has been defined as individual, private and unconscious, (Bender, 2007). Due to the inconsistencies in the definitions and use of religion and spirituality a pilot study was conducted to ascertain how religious professionals defined and evaluated religion and spirituality. The 2006 study conducted by Corine Hyman and Paul Handal at Saint Louis University in Missouri included Imans, Ministers, Priests, and Rabbis. These religious experts were asked to conceptually define religion and spirituality and to identify if there were any overlaps between the two. The study findings indicate that there were overlaps between the two concepts. However, religion was defined in a traditional sense of objective, institutional and ritualistic and spirituality was defined as subjective, internal and divine or transcendent (Hyman & Handal , 2006). Another study, this time conducted at the Maryland University, attempted to discern how lay people define religion and spirituality and how they make distinctions between the two. The participants in this study consisted of sixty-seven adults aged 61 to 93 who lived in three different retirement communities (Schlehofer, Omoto, A. M. , Adelman, 2008). The research findings indicate that the participants were better able to define religion concretely, than they were able to define spirituality. â€Å"In fact, some participants were not able to define spirituality at all†, (Schlehofer et al. , 2008). The afore mentioned studies illustrate that defining religion and spirituality is an ongoing task and not easily surmountable. This of course, makes the task of operationally defining religion and spirituality even harder. According to Bender (2007), spirituality is typically measured by asking questions about psychological well-being, experience, and self-identification; while religion is measured by questions about activities and doctrine. Although, many operational definitions have been developed and used to measure religion and spirituality, how does one actually know what one is measuring if the thing(s) that one is measuring is not clearly defined? CONCLUSIONS and Future Study: Ergo, in order to try to understand how religion and or spirituality affect all aspects of a person’s life, it is prudent for the scientific community to agree on what it is that they are actually researching. Once, the terms are defined and agreed upon, then they can operationally define each term. Only then, can psychologists more confidently conduct research and analysis to understand the true effects of religion and spirituality and make comparisons about those findings.ReferencesBender, C. (2007). Religion and Spirituality: History, Discourse, Measurement. Retrieved from http://religion.ssrc.org/reforum/Bender.pdf   Hill, P. C. (1999). Giving religion away: What the study of religion offers psychology. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 94(4), 229-249. Hood, R. W., Hill, P. C., Spilka, B. (2009). The Psychology of Religion, 2, 7-11. Hyman, C., & Handal, P. J. (2006). Definitions and evaluation of religion and spiritua lity items by religious professionals: A pilot study. Journal of Religion and Health, 45(2), 264-282. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10943-006-9015-zNelson, J. M. (2009). Psychology, Religion, and Spirituality. Introduction to Psychology, Religion, and Spirituality. Retrieved from http://ucelinks.cdlib.org:8888/sfx_local/img/sfxmenu/dl_logo_1024.png Schlehofer, M. M., Omoto, A. M. and Adelman, J. R. (2008). How do â€Å"religion† and â€Å"spirituality† differ? Lay Defintions among Older Adults. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 47: 411-425. Zinnbauer, B. J., Pargament, K. I., Cole, B., Rye, M.S., Butter, E. M., Belavich, T.G., Hipp, K. M., Scott, A. B., Kadar, J. L. (1997). Religion and Spirituality: Unfuzzing the Fuzzy. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 36 (4). Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/1387689  

Organizational Health and Safety Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Organizational Health and Safety - Essay Example Harris (2007) proposes preventive OHS strategies that can be used to provide to an employee-friendly environment in modern organizations. He proposes that the best strategy to control risk factors in the working environment is to institute mitigation measures as a pro-active action to guarantee employee safety, rather than compensate them while they risk their lives. In his view, this would include protective clothing for technical personnel, gas masks for individual working in environments with chemical gases and chemical treatment of gases before their release.The government in many states has instituted government policies to regulate pollution and the health and safety issues that arise within organizations as a strategy of protecting the community. In the UK, the British non-departmental civic body provided regulations to safeguard the health of the employees in their occupations.Other OHS activists have suggested an integrated strategy that includes risk mitigation and employee compensation to ensure a healthy working environment (Andonakis & Loosemore, 2006). Â   In conclusion, Organizational Health and Safety has become a major concern for the human resource management in most of the states. The changes in the working environment have resulted from the incentives of companies to integrate technology in every business aspect, hence bringing a whole new environment in the workplace. It has predisposed certain groups of employees to higher risks of suffering from injury or illnesses resulting from the environment they work in.... In the last 30 years, industrial revolution has become evident in most parts of the world including UK (Holmes & Gifford, 2002); most countries have engaged in industrial development as a strategy to develop their economic status by providing cost effective goods and providing employment for the majority of employees. The industries have attracted many employees in the diverse departments of the organization and the economic benefit that has resulted from this kind of trend cannot be undermined. However, this has brought a new challenge to the employees’ health and safety welfare due to the environmental impact of these industries. For instance, petroleum industries have become a great threat not only to the health of employees but to the world at large. The emissions associated with these companies contain a lot of harmful gases such as carbon monoxide and sulfur-dioxide which is known for their atmospheric pollution. This has become a demotivation for employees in this secto r and their withdrawal has had adverse effects on productivity of these companies. In brief, changes in the industrial sector has changed the working environment, exposing its employees to toxic gases that may are hazardous to their lives. Another change that has impacted on the health and safety issues in the work environment is the introduction of sophisticated technology in the workplace. The investment of many companies in the IT technology has been emphasized due to the technological demands of the dynamic market conditions. It is indisputable that introduction of this technology has come along with numerous merits in the transformation of service efficiency. With implementation of LAN technology it is possible for managers to