History evacuation course work Essay Example for Free

History evacuation course work EssayThe two sources are different, source B is a picture taken during the war in1939 the year in which the war had started in September. It seems to have been used as a government propaganda source. The photo is to encourage mountain to evacuate their children, in any case to get people to look at the people in the picture see the faces in the picture and look at their spirit and get them to come through the example. I have made this conclusion because the picture looks as if it has been taken from high up and at an angle looking down, also all the people are waving and they all look happy and the formation theyre walking in is pretty organized. The government wanted this because they wanted people two evacuate. opening C is a teacher being interviewed in 1988 remembering what happened the teacher tells us active the start of the journey at the train station about the mothers trying to shout to there children good bye because they wont see th em for a long time. The teacher might not remember every occasion because its 50 years after the event so his memory would be patchy or might only focus on just the foul points in instead of the good. This source was probably made for teaching aides or an archive because sources e and f are also dated 1988.I think that source C is the most valuable source as evidence as what happened because source b was probably set up by the government to get people to agree with them that children should be evacuated this was important to the government because they dont want children among the casualty list also they want to keep that generation because in ww1 they lost a generation of men. Source C is someone who was their giving their opinion on the matter this is valuable because someone is recalling the truth as they apothegm it happening before them.The extract comes from a book called Carries war it was written in 1973 by Nina Bowden. The book is a childrens novel it has been written to entertain children. This would touch the book by changing facts and figures because she needs to make it more interesting. The context of this story is the evacuees Carrie and nick being taken back to there evacuation theater by there carer Miss Evans before this scene they would have had been at the train station being issued to there cares.Miss Evans thinks that the evacuees Nick and Carrie are abject Carrie and Nick think that its funny and arent really bothered. The characters think this because the children saw evacuation as a big adventure but the adults saw the children as lousy little things. The conditions some of the children come from were terrible the houses were terraced close together and very poor quality. I think this source is not very reliable at all it is a story it is a story it is made to entertain little children problems would be that the facts may be different and could that the author doesnt have a clue.

Catch-22 and Dr. Strangelove Essay Example for Free

Catch-22 and Dr. Strangelove EssayIn Joseph demons novel, Catch-22, and Stanley Kubricks film, Dr. Strangelove, the bureaucrats are illustrated as illogical and untrustworthy. Hellers attention to administrations such as the hospital and the military-establishment are recognized for their unreliable rationality and logic. Similarly, in Dr. Strangelove, Kubrick mocks the absurdities of the nuclear arms race and of the officials of the United States and The Soviet Union as he conveys the mal matter of highly placed government bureaucrats. Catch-22 and Dr. Strangelove, are two satirical and somewhat historical works that effectively chin wag on the corrupt and perhaps insane bureaucrats. The lives of Yossarian and the men in his squadron in Catch-22 are not determined by their own decisions but instead, by the decisions of the inert bureaucracy. The bureaucrats are absolutely oblivious to any attempt the men make to reason with them logically. Major Major, for example, will only see people in his authorization if he is not there and sends them away when he returns. Doc Daneeka refuses to ground Yossarian for his insanity because Yossarians desire to be grounded reveals that he is sane.Doc Daneeka elaborates in his intervention of Orr, Yossarians tent-mate. Orr was crazy and could be grounded. All he had to do was ask and as soon as he did, he would no longer be crazy and would rich person to aviate more than than missions. Orr would be crazy to fly more missions and sane if he didnt, but if he was sane he had to fly them. If he flew them he was crazy and didnt have to but if he didnt want to he was sane and had to. (46)Yossarian and the others in his squadron find that what they say and do has little effect on their fate when the bureaucracy controls them. Their only option is to follow the illogical rules and use what is expected of them to their own advantage. Yossarians superiors are more concerned with getting a promotion than they are about winni ng the war. Colonel Cathcart, the colonel in predominate of Yossarians squadron, tries to impress his superiors by bravely volunteering his men for grave combat. Cathcarts only concern is being promoted to general. Cathcart continually raises the number of combat missions required of the men before they can be sent home. Yossarian argues with Doc Daneeka who explains, regulations do say you have to obey every order. Thats the catch. Even if the colonel were disobeying a Twenty-seventh Air Force order by making you fly more missions, youd still have to fly them, or youd be guilty of disobeying an order of his. (58)Similarly, Dr. Strangelove as well as criticizes the malfunctions of bureaucracy and the inadequacy of officials. General Jack Ripper gives the command to attack the Soviet Union without permission from his superiors or the president. Instead of discussing the idea of an attack with is supervisors, Ripper orders the attack because, according to him Clemenceau said war wa s too important to be left to the generals. When he said that, 50 years ago, he might have been right. But today, war is too important to be left to politicians. They have neither the time, the training, nor the inclination for strategic thought. I can no longer sit back and allow Communist infiltration, Communist indoctrination, Communist subversion and the inter topicist Communist conspiracy to sap and impurify all of our precious bodily fluids. -Criticizes the malfunction of bureaucracy. (Dr. Strangelove)Mr. Presidents embarrassment about the issue demonstrates bureaucracy does not function appropriately because those lower in command should not determine the launch of nuclear powers. Further exemplifying the inadequacy of the bureaucrats, the Joint Chiefs in the war direction show their unprofessional and blatant prejudice, especially toward the Russians. General Buck Turgidson clearly states, Im beginning to smell a big fat Commie rat, and later refers to them as a bunch of i gnorant peons. The Germans are also referred to when Turgidson, upon learning Dr. Strangeloves original German name, passes it off as a Kraut by any other name.Dr. Strangelove, the character, also calls into question the reliability of people in power. Strangelove is clearly the Presidents scientific adviser in the war room whose appearance copies the mad scientist stereotype with his wild hair, dark gloved hand, and his clearly brilliant yet insane mind. Through their presentation of bureaucracy, Heller and Kubrick display why officials and politicians are unfit to make important decisions concerning the guard duty of the country. Catch-22 conveys this notion through the bureaucracys enforcement of impractical rules and Catch-22s on the eccentric men in Yossarians squadron. Kubrick suggests the same concept in Dr. Strangelove by frequently demonstrating the disorder, madness and prejudice of the officials. In either piece, the reader carries away the certainty of the instability of the men in control of important military and national decisions.

Tudor Revolution in Henry Viii

Tudor Revolution in Henry ViiiAfter the Tudor dynasty English politics and kingship was never the same. The way the kings power switched from a Medieval system of hierarchy his program line over his land was limited, to rule he needed support of the nobleness and church and his fan tan ineffective to an oligarchical authorities where the kings influenced penetrated his land, his nobility and inwardly the government the power of the nobility shrank and the church became a secular concern. Government modernised through the centralisation of power and royal supremacy would rule. Parliaments importance would be re-invented and reforms to administration, law and justice, sovereignty and church power could be described as a revolution in government which under Henry VIIIs reformation of the church brought new opportunities for the consolidating of royal power. Cromwell reforms in the 1530s appear to be the turning point1. Although to verbalize royal supremacy was an achievement, to say it occurred within the space of one decade seems restrictive and to say one man reformed a national government seems to simplistic, but looking at Henrys reign post-Cromwell Henry seemed more interested in his love life and war than gaining further reforms. Also Edward VI and bloody shame Is rules brought the return of factionalism, the return of power to the nobility and a decline in an effective government and Elizabeth, however, may charter ruled stronger than her siblings the crown was never sort of the same after Henry VIII died2, considering the damaged inflicted and the rising threat of the gentry and Puritanism which restricted her abilities to passstatueo prove that if there was a Tudor revolution, it must have happened under Cromwell. However, were Henrys and Cromwells reforms really a revolutionary? Hoak claims the rise of royal supremacy was emittable3but Elton, the theorist who invented the concept of the Tudor revolution believes although fancys may have been pr esent, he remained the man who turned ideas into reality4, but surely this is admits if non him then someone else would have done it? Throughout this essay I will render the areas of reforms instigated under Cromwell and Henry VIII as previous mentioned and examine whether they brought revolutionary dislodge or were an obvious step towards secularization.If there was a revolution in government it is necessary to look at the effects of the reformation on government control as the centralisation of the church was the maiden real fag from Medieval tradition and ignited the want for royal supremacy. The church was the centre of life for the English population of all social rankings and therefore was the real pump of power and whos alignments rested not with the king but with a foreigner power, the pope. The church had a separate court for which the kings power was exult5and bishops like Worsley had run influence in the running of the government, and its law system and corruption within the church was greater than in government as Skeleton notes people did not come to court because there was better profit in attending cardinals rival court6. The church was a rival government within a government, it seems logical that to bring it under state control and historically, very much like the actions of Constantine the Great, kingship has been restored to its full inheritance and endowed with the authority of the early Christian emperors7, however, although ironically it was a step back to go forward, how is learning from history revolutionary? The fact the backlash received from the nobility and populas was due to the feeling the church had besides much land and power and disdain for the influence that a foreign body had within England8, suggest it was not such a radical idea as some make out to be, suggesting that some others had contemplated it before. From this we can see a reformation of the church also ca apply a reformation of politics, but not necessarily a revolution. The break with the church inspired the idea of sovereignty and of commonwealth but where these new concepts?The idea of sovereignty of a unified self-governing dispatch state, away from the authority of any sovereign potentates9appears certainly as a revolutionary in the history of English ruler-ship and as Elton suggests would have been the main capricious forced spurring revolutionary change10as sovereignty consolidated Henrys land and government under Henrys control. Both Henry and Cromwell believed the House of Commons had to bet the whole nation11for the first eon the entire nation would be under Westminsters control. The eliminated other small rivals courts those in Buckinghamshire and Sheffield12and brought Wales and northern counties under the kings rule for the first time, i.e. places like Durham13through Cromwell uses of councils and the influence of fantan in all the kingdom, i.e. even Calias had two seats in fan tan14. Of course if under the control o f parliament laws would be easier to enforce, regulate and to put the most loyal in control. On the other hand, this idea perhaps again is nothing but new, as Edward III during the Hundred Wars Year had created a national nobility and joined the country against the free of the French15, Henry and Cromwell likewise could have used the dapple of the reformation to unite England using the same mentality against the Catholic church. The shifting use of power and effectiveness of parliament, however, does not seemed copied from the pages of history.Parliament Elton argues Henry VIIIs turning to parliament proved his supreme political genius that his deliberate decision to take the nation into partnership was the most momentous step in the rise of parliament16, for Elton sovereignty created a duty and purpose for Parliament, however, it it seems Henry used parliament as a propaganda tool to promote the acceptance of change and show the splice between the king and people17as Henrys supre macy was dependent on divine appointment and not parliament. However, from an administrative point of view Henry time to come had a greater control over his kingdom, but parliament did not restrict Henrys decisions. This seems to point towards less of a governmental revolution and more towards a despotic government, historians like Gardiner have alleged Cromwell used his power more as an autocratic weapon18and Pollard portrays Cromwell especially like some Machveillian giant19, which both suggest the real intentions of Henry and Cromwells government. However, perhaps this could be interpreted as the Tudor revolution, considering other historic despotic governments, like Communist Russia, although a modern comparison, it was still a revolution of politics and considering politically, socially and economically almost resembled a Medieval state, it does become a fair comparison.Regardless of this parliament became an effective organ of government and brought reforms to the law and ju ridical system, the church and administration. Cromwells administration produced the largest body of statues seen before the 19th Century20, most centred on the church and umpteen laws were to do with kings affairs i.e. Henry VIII passed 81 bills in his interest, though considering he was trying to legitimise a marriage to Ann Boleyn, its hardly surprising, but no(prenominal) the less a groundbreaking swift from Medieval politics. However, Roskel believes parliament developed from its Medieval roots and that by a natural process (the need for secularisation perhaps) and not the product of a Tudor revolution as the solely change was a new theory of parliament and in the process drastically altered the practice21. The perfect example of this is the Privy council and demonstrates the need to remove the problems of factions and power which the nobility held.The Privy council had existed before Henry and Cromwell but the way it was used differed greater. The council would be an importa nt link between parliament and the king and power came down only to those the king choose and old knightly elements were reduced to a few significant roles. The number of members decreased and meant those in power could not and made it easier to pass laws and to avoid factions, i.e. Henry VIIs council of 1472 included 72 men, whereas Henrys first had only 1922and members now had to have worked within the government before they could be in the council23, therefore this new system would exclude the majority of the nobility who mogul only serve their own interests. This can certainly be viewed as a revolutionary change, like the church the nobility was another thorn in the side of many English kings, although the council cut out the use of the nobility it was not a political instrument for assuaging opposition24, concessions still had to be made and therefore could not be completely revolutionary as the nobility were key important in keeping regional control. The most significant chan ge perhaps was that the council could pass laws by proclamation and unlike its European counterparts in Spain and France who could only advise the king25, whereas the English privy council was able to influence and substitute the kings decisions, this reflects a comprising relationship where although Henry had royal supremacy he did not have a complete free reign over indemnity which shows policy being built on the existing governments foundations which lead to the improvement of the common law and the function of parliament26, but were these improvements revolutionary?Henrys reign was built on law and reforms to the common law and the judicial system from the 1530s onward they began to obey statue in a way they had never done before27, for the first time on a national level the process by which parliament made laws and court administrated them was enforced throughout the land. From 1532 for the first time the government conceived legalisation became the new focus in the houses, t his was something which Elton says no one ever dreamt of establishing28changes in the law through Parliament, this was truly revolutionary. This shift towards the creating and then enforcing on law was something which had not happened under Medieval governments. Henry had control over both religious and regional courts, he had the ability to appoint judges and juries and unlike any other point made it seems a decision that was not emittable or the result of natural change as there had been no demand for a stricter enforcement of the law. Changes within the administration system also could be described as revolutionary.Administration benefited hugely from Cromwells policies and the outcome of the reformation. The change of law lands over church properties brought plenty of money into theThe crowns new revenue courts showed the move towards the elimination of purely personal in favour of lasting bureaucratic control29.Henry said wherein we as level and you members are conjured and kn it together into one body of politic30 basically organic view of state in harmony and mutually dependent on its subjects. Although idea around since Dudleys Tree of Commonwealth (1509) and practised by Henry VII though Cromwell brought a renewed vigour in the practice.

Ownership of Mobile Phones by Children Essay

Ownership of Mobile Phones by Children EssaySmart phones are becoming more and more popular nowadays, with its exploiter-friendly externalize and convenient multi-function. Nearly all people in Hong Kong, including elderly and children, have their own smartphone. Nevertheless, should a smartphone been owned by a young child? Since smartphone brings haemorrhoid negative effect to children on learning, friendly and health, the children should non be allowed to own a smartphone.The problem of smartphone brings on children has unyielding been concerned by conditions. Lots of unessential and primary schools are not allowed their students to bring phone to school be birth phones take their attention away from their lessons and destroy discipline. Students who bring their phone to school violate the school regulation and their phones will be confiscated by the teacher. This rule does not lone(prenominal) focus on smartphone as it has been set for a long time, and there were not sm artphone when the rule set. Smartphone has much more functions and applications which lead to a bigger crop on students concentration on study.Some parents do not agree to this inhibition as they think that owning a mobile phone keeps children safer as they could know where their children are by dint of calls, texts as well as communicating and Global emplacement System (GPS) applications and be sure if their children are safe. Also, in an emergency, children bottom of the inning call for a help quickly and easily. Indeed, owning a smartphone does not keep children safe provided put them into an unsafe situation as they are carrying an expensive fashionable deice which makes them a target for criminals. Millions of people are robbed of cell phone either year while some of the cases are involved with violence. Furthermore, many children spend so much time talking on the phone, texting with friends or playing games, and olibanum do not aware what is going on slightly them. Ev ery year children cause car accidents because their attention was on their phone activities entirely not the traffic while crossing the street.Parents may argue that the smartphone is helpful on learning. Schools nowadays are encouraging liberal learning which requires students to hunting lots of reading themselves. Smartphone is a suitable and useful tool to assist students to achieve the liberal learning and broaden their horizon. It is much more convenient or the student to search for information which is related to their study and helpful for them to take photos and videos to records any new discovery at any time and in any new place. disengage for an example, according to a teacher from a primary in United States We have seen an increase in time on task in our fifth-grade students. Students who would normally write a few words or a sentence on paper are now writing paragraphs and beyond on their smartphones. (Dickerson Schad, 2012) Smartphone does give away a great help t o students on this case, nevertheless such benefit can also be achieved by an e-book and a digital camera. Smartphone is useful but not the only tool on assisting student learning.Moreover, student will be addicted to smartphones not for learning purpose but for playing games, chatting as well as checking the new status of their friends on facebook. From the survey conducted by Time magazine 84 percent of respondents utter that they could not go a single day without their cellphones, and 20 percent of respondents check their phone every 10 minutes as well as 24 percent said they had used text messages to set up a rendezvous with someone they were having an affair with, a number that includes 56 percent of Chinese respondents. (Gilbert, 2012) From the statistic the result that students omission on their study is foreseeable as their concentration will be putted on the smartphone activities if they are allowed to have their own smartphone.Smartphone just as alcohol and drugs which i s addictive and brings handicaps to human body. Nevertheless, we always only enjoying the convenient bring to us but have ignored the negative aspect of smartphone. Smartphone dose brings lots of negative influence to children. School already set rule to lift children to be addicted to smartphone, however only by the effort from school is not enough. To protect children and to allow them have a collapse development, government should legislate to ban the children below 16 owning smartphone, and companies should not sell smartphone to children below 16. A government authority has to be established to implement the ordinance as well, otherwise the legislation is meaningless. Government should also do advertisement to educate the public the proper use of smartphone and the end of addicted on smartphone. Parents also have their responsibility to protect the children by not giving their smartphone to their children to play. The corporation from government and parents is important o n prudence children from the harm of smartphone.Some people may oppose to this legislation as they think that smartphone dose let learning easier and interesting which are good to children development. The learning games, dictionary, oral communication learning application and scientific calculator are helpful tools to assist children on learning. Children could find that learning is not such difficult with the assist of these user friendly learning applications. The MLDs1, an American company providing network service on personal and commercial use, is a good example on that. The MLDs is useful to pertain the home with the school in ways not possible before (Tomko, 2010). The ability to access information from the palms of their hands, student-to-student conversation has increased. When problems arise, the students ask each other, not the teacher. And students are becoming more self-directed learners, since their lessons are all on their MLDs. They know what their learning tasks are. Nevertheless, the MLDs network and other learning applications can also be accessed through I-pad or e-book, but not only smartphone. Thus, this cannot be a reason on rejecting the banning.Apart from the influence on learning, smartphone also be an obstacle on development childrens social skill. The social area of the children is bounded in the internet social website or social applications as a result of addicting to the use of smartphone. They only communicate with friends through the smartphone but rarely have a face to face communication with the people surrounding. Many people must been in the mismatched atmosphere in which all the friends around are focusing on their smartphone playing games or whatsapping with their friend during a meal in the restaurant. People around the table are friends and having meal together, however no conversation between them. Growing up in such a non-face-to-face-communicating environment does hinder childrens social ability.Furthermore, usi ng smartphone brings possible long-term health risks, such as behavioral problems on children, increased cancer risk as well as fall male fertility, especially in children usage. The research led by Dr Siegal Sadetzki, an epidemiologist at Gertner Institute, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Israel, found that heavy cell phone users had a 50% high risk of developing a parotid tumor which arise in the salivary gland near the ears and the jaw, a position where cellphones are typically held, and they can be malignant or benign. Because childrens brains and nervous systems are still developing, any possible damage to them is even more serious than for adults. The radio frequency emissions from the phones could cause other health issues in other parts of the body, such as the damage to the central nervous system, and thereby having a negative impact on learning or behavior, or cancers could result in organs other than the brain.2There are also studies which reveal the negative impact of cell phones on the health of the young ones. For example, quite recently, Dr Kheifets and researchers in Denmark discovered that children who used cell phones and whose mothers had used cellphones during their pregnancy had 80% higher incidence of behavioral issues. These include stimulated issues, hyperactivity, inattention and having problems with their peers. Even those children who themselves did not have cellphone exposure except during their mothers pregnancies had 54% higher incidence of such problems.All in all, the harm brings from smartphone has long been a problem which be neglected. Government should legislate to ban the children below 16 owning smartphone as soon as possible in order to avoid children being affected or harmed by smartphone. Only avoiding children to be affected in school is not enough, government and parents have their responsibility on saving children from the harm of smartphone. Only by the corporation of school, government as well as parents can the pro blem be solved, and can the children have a better development.

The Nature Of Reference Group Influence Marketing Essay

The Nature Of Reference Group Influence Marketing Es feel outReferent might plays a very(prenominal) signifi dealt role in commercializeing communication, following story look in to different influences meetings and denotative place. How denotive world-beater fall unrivaled. How affective a referent big businessman is? How a merchandiseer bathroom use it to his advantage. What be the factors which make referent power effectual? Different theories pick up been discussed. This report leave alone be looking critic eithery on evaluating the role of referent power in marketing, evaluate the role it will play in future, and provide a future marketing plan.This report of Referent power and why it can be a potent force for marketing appeals was written as a lowest assignment for the Consumer doings module.Humans are social animals and they always looks to other for appreciation, they loss acceptance in the social circle. They identify themselves with few groups and c onsciously or subconsciously they heed members of the group to fit in. They try to imitate those qualities by write the referents behavior. What we think of ourselves is influenced in our social interaction by the reaction of others whose values we share or judgment we respect. Our attire, vehicles we use and career make statements about us, and our behaviors and lifestyles are the presentation of ourselves to our influence groups. By wearing a particular defect T fit out subscribe to us closure to our group.Advertisers gift different task while crrusting a promo or advertising depending on what are their tar rag segment. Marketers use all three major influencing groups forrader launching a campaign. There are three bounce of reference group Informational, normative and identificationWhen an private is non sure he uses the behavior and opinion of reference group members as potentially useful bits of cultivation and try to copy it. In this case individual may guide simil arity with the other members of the group or expertise of the member group. So a person sees members of group using the said(prenominal) brand of tea he may limit to try same for Himself because he has yard that it may be a good brand. Ads which wants to use informational power will quote something like they used it will you? Intelligent masses like only one and only(a) thingREFERRENT power is the power of prominent people to affect others consumption behaviors by virtue of increase endorsement ( 50 cents for Reebok)(Pic 1.1), distinctive fashion statements On the cover of US Magazine today. Celebrity Baby Jessica Albas light princess, Honor Marie Wearing Ooh La La Mamas FLY SPIRIT onesie). or championing of causes. Campaign began with identifying three major sports figures who had a connection to lung cancer (Troy Aikman, Joe Buck, and Cal Ripken, Jr ( Pic 1.2)To perceive this mechanism an mannikin is helpful. Suppose there are two restaurants and a group of people on the street outside deciding which one to eat at. The most well-informed individuals (those with higher precision in making these types of decisions) will decide first and everyone will see some people start to business c at oncern up outside of one restaurant. If the others know this person is of higher precision (and even if they dont) a few people will follow their lead and fall in the line. Each new person who lines up outside of the restaurant sends a signal to the rest of the group (and in particular their friends and family) that this is the restaurant to pick. The much people who follow the signal, the stronger it gets and you have an Informational Cascade.Pic 1.2The idea is presented in rigorous detail in a paper predicted Theory of fads, Fashion, Custom and Cultural Change as Informational cascades written by Sushil Bikhchandani, David Hirshleifer and Ivo Welch and published in 1992. To paraphraseAn informational cascade occurs when it is optimal for an individual, having o bserved the actions of those ahead of him to follow the behavior of the preceding individual without imply to his own informationThe prediction that a low-precision individual imitates a higher-precision predecessor is consistent with the evidence of numerous psychological experiments demonstrating that a subjects previous failure in a task raises the probability that in further trials he will imitate a model performing the task (see Thelen, Dollinger, and Kirkland 1979, p. 146)Reference group doesnt have equal power for all types of products and consumption activities. Question is does consumers search rationally or it depends on NEED It has been seen that search is more(prenominal) in consumers who are evenhandedly knowledgeable, when the product is low in perceived risk. There are two dimension that influence the degree to which referent power can work they are whether the buy is to be consumed publicly or privately and whether its opulence or a necessity. Referent has more power over purchase which re for luxury rather than necessity and second important place where we can see the referent power is when the purchase is socially visual to other(William.,O, et al,1982)Referent power is inferred to the influencer by their subordinates. Project team members who have a great deal of respect and high regard for their project managers willingly go along with decisions made by the project manager because of referent power. If one admires the quality of a person or a group will try to imitate by copying referent behavior Prominent people celebrities can affect peoples consumption behavior by virtue of product endorsement, fashion statements or championing cause . referent power is important to many marketing strategies because consumers voluntarily change to please or identify with a referent3.2. Normative influenceAlso cognise as utilitarian influence, occurs when an individual follows group expectation to gain a direct reward or to avoid a sanction ( Fisch er et al, 1998). You may purchase one brand of beer to win acceptance by a friend or wont wear one particular brand for of teasing by friend. This influence is directly related with the bond of a person with its group Strongest the bond strong will be the influence. Mostly unripeer consumer are supply by this influence. A teenager starts smoking under this influence.3.3. Identification InfluenceAlso known as value-expressive influence, occur when consumer has adopted all values and emplacement of group and identify himself with the. Here to influence advertiser will show the brand being used by socially active groupIt has been seen that teenagers and young one get influenced by this groups as they live under peer pressure(Auty,s.2001) You will hear in super market a child win over his mother to buy a particular brand of cereals cause His friends use it , or a particular brand of shoes because his friends told him they are the best. It is these influence which leads them to cigar ettes inebriant consumption influence as well. These influences can be used directly or indirectly by the marketer. Many searcher have searchers have shape up to conclusion lineage is also a very important factor where mother daughter and sisters will use the same brand and will have same shopping pattern (Miller, 1975 Moore-Shay and Lutz, 1988)..4. Celebrity as a referent power in advertisingCelebrities like movie stars, sports person, Television stars help gimmick attention and communicate easily with consumers who admire them or wants to be like them. Its also known as ubiquitous feature of modern Marketing ( Mc Cracken, 1989), and approximately 20 percent of all promotions and advertisement uses use some type of renown endorsement (Bradley, 1996) . Marketers spends huge amount of money on eminence contract on the belief that celebrity are effective spokesperson for their product or brand. Its very common that one celebrity be come ons identity of one particular brand or p roduct but in some cases more than one celebrity are being used. Like Pepsi uses superstar Shahrukh caravansary for his brand promo.Selection of a celebrity is very important characteristics of celebrity should match up with the brand to communicate effectiveness.( Kahle, Homer, 1985),Some companies used multiple celebrities to communicate. In the consideration of celebrity endorsement advertisement consumer may ask whether endorsers are promoting the product because she really believe in it? Or just because she has been paid to promote it. Its the attributes of celebrity which should match with perception of consumer. Thus sometime using multiple celebrities to endorse the product may help the product to feed the consumer (Mowen and Brown, 1981). Market also assumes that to reach target audience the celebrity should be like the consumer. Celebrity should have credibility attractiveness, Integrity and the main thing Plausibility he/ she behaves as referent influence, if referent I s not plausible it will not be effective . Here referent will be effective and will hold power by their influence as they are aspiration associate group. Celebrities with a bigger Halo will have bigger effect.Despite more and more celebrity are pitched in, many commercials using celebrity endorsers do not live up to the expectations (Miciak and Shanklin, 1994). However, if used appropriately, celebrity endorsers can play a very important role in developing brand equity and enhancing a brands competitive position.Like Andre Agassi fits well with, and enhances, the project of Canons Rebel line of cameras. And Nike and Michael Jordon are synonymous when one thinks of Jordon they think of Nike, they have become part of each other. Before endorsing a product with particular celebrity marketer should do research that how well the celebrity and the brand belong together and how celebrity represent the product.. If there is great ease and relation of brand an d celebrity they get more quic kly develop an association.5. Degree of Reference Group InfluenceIf one sees critically around us we can clearly sees that consumer does not decide abruptly. Referent power of any kind is always playing at the back of his mind. It suggest that rational persuasion, inspirational appeals are effective in influencing final decision(Farrell and Schroder(1996).while the influence of personal appeals, coalition or any kind of pressure were ineffective in any decision outcome( Case etal., 1988). So one can say that things which does not personally appeal or internalize favorable attitude one are not effective or will not have a very strong motivation in purchase behavior. As it is well said Power is the ability to effect change (Kohli and Zaltman, 1988.,Ghoneim, 1987)These influencing power can be used by marketer A number of authors have well said that power is the ability to effect changes. Conversely, power bases depends on the characteristics of an individual that affordReferent power will have different fix on different people in different situation, or may be the category of the product used, or the brand usedAs the purchase is done to influence the group, the product or brand should be visible, for example product like watch, shoes, here product category ( watch), and brand (Swatch) are all visible. The consumption of some tonic is private .Referent power is quite visible when the product is visible to the group and he get accepted or appreciated in the group for his buy. postgraduate involvementLow involvementsubstantial Differences between brandsComplex buying behaviorVariety- want buying behaviorFew Differens between brandsDissonance-reducingBuying behaviorHabitual buying behavior(Table 5.1)If the motif is high there is less power of referent for example when one want to buy a microwave. Reference group influence will be higher if one wants to buy things which is less necessary e.g. in buying clothes or in simple words on can say that decision to buy to othpaste tennis racket, a personal computer, a refrigetor are all very different. Expensive and complex purchase or things which involve more knowledge involve more participant and more suggestion from peer are obligaten.( Table 5.1)( Henry 1987)Relationship, bondage of of an individual with the group is another very important criteria which can affect on buying decision. More one feels committed to the group more he get influence by the referent power . One will be more careful when in dressing up when joining a group whom he wants to influence than when he wants to go for dinner with group he doesnt feel related or committed.It also depends on activity in which individual is involve with a group , How relevant is the activity for example going for office dinner is more important than going out with your friend for a match.There is clear evidence that individual differ in tendency in getting powered by influence (keillor et al,1996)Reference influence is also related to a reward o r punishments, reward may be in the form of acceptance in the group, promotion gain trust with your peer and punishments may be in the form of rejection or hatred. In preteen group it may be severe and of social consequences. So to it can be said that referent power should have authority to implement both.We can still argue that referent power should not misuse legal power or illegally pressurize as he might use credibility Refrent power is someone which is look upon by individual and if it loses credibility and trust power will be gone. So we can say that the greater the referent power, the lower the use of legitimate pressure (Farell et al.,1999).In this context its interesting to know about the balance scheme (Heider, 1946) Every individual have some preconceived ideas and perception which remain at his subconscious level. And while purchasing it plays a very important role. The sterling(prenominal) power one has over other is when one is sufficiently intimate to permit other t o facilitate, because the relation between influencer and consumer is cohesive.Referent power involvementLets take an example I want to purchase a very expensive notebook I have seen advertisement of Dell, hp and Acer now I m confuse I want to buy something g which is very important but I dont have much knowledge what will I do I will not just go an d purchase it from the counter I will go to one of my friend or family member who has knowledge about it I will involve his opinion. But if at the same time I m hungry and I want to buy a packet of biscuit I will just go to the supermarket and choose any packet or may be the one I have been using from the shelf I would not involve others and take opinion from others for purchasing a pack of biscuit. So opinion loss leader are needed where there is high purchase involve with no knowledge of product while when low purchase involvement is there I wont take any opinion even if I have less knowledge( Table 1.1)PRODUCT/ PURCHASE INVOLVEMENTPr oduct knowledgeHighProduct knowledgeLowHIGHModerateHighLowLowModerate(Table 6.1)Consumers, especially gen X, tend to follow their peer what they feel voguish and worn by the in crowd (Agins 1999 Spiegler 1996). Here we can see their deep-seated willingness and thirst to belong, often becoming motion-picture show- and brand-conscious consumers. Now what is trendy is what they drive from pipeline communications. Retail Entrepreneur of the Year, Anne Yuri Namba, has found to be quoted as that her home business was initiated and stimulated entirely by word of mouth. As her fame give, so did the demand for her unusual, passing distinctive fashions (Chain Store Age 2000). Marcus (1999) reported that word of mouth plays an very important role along with demographic information when decisions are made in the fashion industry. One can say, fashion demand may be generated by the simultaneous presence of local externalities and word-of-mouth communication (Corneo and Olivier 1999).Individ ual sharing information about with other highly target consumer plays a very critical role on consumer decision and market success. Our friends and relatives are the main source of information, when we are in group we observe their styles, what product they use or by directly asking the opinion. One research shown that half of American agrees that that they often seeks advice of others before making any purchase and 40% feel that people come to them for advice. (Walkes, p 40). The internet has changed the term a little now it can be called Word Of Internet. Where one seek advice from a complete stranger.There are some individual who actively filter, interpret, or provide brand or product information to their family and friends, They are called opinion Leaders they play very strong referent power influence over otherWE just cant attribute only referent power involved in purchasing decision of an individual we cant pass anything to them making it look like their group or brand image Research have shown that decision to purchase particular product is also influenced by the image and credibility of the companies that market and manufacture consumer products (Lafferty and goldsmith 1999). If the company is positively portrayed, and has a good image consumers generally maintain a positive disposition toward the company and its products. However, if the company has some rumor some ethical or cultural issues in the backyard , less favorable feelings may subsequently influence whether consumers decide to purchase the companys products (Lee and Bernstein 2000 Ligos 1999).How Much Does It affectDuring 1996 one rumored was spread about Tommy Hilfiger, stating that company had made some bad remarks African-Americans and Asian which were their core clients. The rumor was mostly on internet. Hilfiger websites denied the rumor completely and there was call to was call to boycott Tommy Hilfiger clothing, especially in the African-American. TThe strength and persistence of th e strength of rumor suggested that it will affect the sale of brand in African-American market African-American magazine telling them not to buy who doesnt respect ( Graves 1998) here the referent power was internet, mouth to mouth and magazine community, the whole impact was studied and recorded( kImberly 2001) One implication of these recordings was that the staying power of the rumors had eventually harm sales of the Tommy Hilfiger brand in a core target market. Wall street ledger article reported a 28 per cent decrease in sales for the Tommy Hilfiger company (Agins 2001). Company denied the rumored took African-American model and try to recapture the market and used integrated marketing scheme strategically. In retail market consumer is very important and referent power play a very important role Thus retail clothing market should take careful measurements to track their image all designers, regardless of popularity, must follow up their image and communications with their cons umers. In one of the similar case Reebok has been forced to clarify itself for more than a decade against a rumor that company produce its products in South Africa and supported apartheid ( Turnet 1992). Initially company didnt take much notice and didnt think much of it but later company suffered protests and boycotts and then company has to come out its forceful campaign Reebok is NOT in South Africa (Kazi-Ferrouillet 1990). And till now company addressed the issue on its website (Reebok.com)Referent influence has been examined in the context of consumer vulnerability to interpersonal influence (Bearden et al., 1989) where influence is the extent to which an individuals consumer choices are influenced by other people. In pulse buying its the cognitive behavior which is seen where a consumer cannot get the information from any one so He doesnt come under informational power but high level of normative influence comes in existence and affect the purchase decision, thus we can say t hat normative consumer susceptibility to interpersonal influence is positively related to the affective component of impulse buying.When will it effectWe have to understand stages in purchasing decision of a buyersInformation searchRefrent groupInternet searchpromoCheck plectronPricingBrand imagePurchase decisionsHe decide to purchaseNeedAwarenessMay be prompted by marketing spatial relation buying behavior, Reinforcement from media friends(Diagram 8.1)Stages of Consumer Buying Behavior1. Need Awareness A need may arise or been establish by promotion of a companys marketing. Refrent power here may or may not be very influential2. Information Search Buyers search and ask Internet has made research easier for buyers. He may read on websites of different company .Here referent power play a very important role. As he is seeking the information company may use its influence with promos, handout an updated websites or trial samples distribution3. Check Options Once information is collect ed customer will evaluate all option he will search for price and company credibility..4. Purchase Decision The last step just sell and near(a) the deals at this moment any influencing may harm. If he is still hesitant u can still recommend and help your buyers for the best deal.5. Post Buying Behavior Todays marketer knows very well that to keep loyalty of a customer is very important as now he himself will be a referent power over the other potential buyers. Even at this stage any negative reinforcement will bring remorse and he may not recommend it to others.Influence of referent power also depends on at what stage is a brand once a brand mature its brand image itself is good referent power but at introduction stage a company inescapably good referent power.9. ConclusionReferent power is very effective in certain cases and marketer should use that power but at the same time they should keep in mind that for that power to be influential they have to keep certain points in mindRe ferent power to be effective should bring a connection with the consumer, or he should look up to it or relate to himMessage used by referent power should be used as simple as possible it should not be complex or confusingCelebrity power will be more effective if used repeatedly as it strengthen the relationship of brand with that celebrity and so it brings trust in the target audienceWhen choosing a celebrity marketer should be careful that he is already not strongly associated to some other brand or services, but nothing comes without a drawback. If celebrity or your referent power get into negative publicity it brings down with him the product. A wrong selection will tarnish the whole imageReferent power is effective if your target audience is young and not much knowledgeable about the brand or product. Its more affective on one who does not have much knowledge and have low self image It so one can say its most effective with children.Referent power does not only influence at the time of purchasing but also post purchasing as after purchasing a product Consumer look at his influence group for appreciation and even any negative comment at that stage will discouraged him and He may not buy the product againA company should not try to play its own trumpet but can bring trust and credibility through awards, media or testimonials of other customersMake a purchase an happy ending for him offer him warranty period or an extended trial period will help in Him becoming a potential referent power over other buyers

The Character of the Green Knight in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Es

The Character of the Green Knight in Sir Gawain and the Green KnightIn the most general sense, the Green Knight is an anomaly to the story of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, the moreover supernatural element in what is otherwise a very believable and wholly real rendering of a particular(prenominal) length of time. Gawain is momentarily tricked into believingor, rather, hopingthat the garter is magical in nature, but both his fear and the Green Knight dispel him of that heathen notion. Thus on the one hand the poet warns us of the danger of accepting the supernatural qua supernatural, while on the other he demands that we understand the Green Knight to be an observation of the power of Morgan le Fay, who is well taught in magic arts. The effect of this then is to thrust the Green Knight into an even greater shroud of mystery than regular for Arthurian tales, which usually feature a whole cast of impossible characters. From this isolated line of thought, it would se em as if the Green Knight ought to be held only to his own, strange, separate rules. Since he is the sole f...

Revenge in Shakespeares Hamlet Essay examples -- Shakespeare Hamlet E

Revenge in Shakespeares junctureIn Hamlet, Shakespeare uses vindicate as a major theme present throughout the work. Revenge plays a crucial role in the develop ment of Fortinbras, Prince of Norway, Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, and Laertes, son of Polonius. All three men desire revenge for the murder of their fathers. Revenge can be interpreted as a separate type in Hamlet. Revenge is set to whip anyone who seeks it. Initially, after each of the murders, every son had a definite course of action to obtain vengeance. Or in Hamlets case the choice was to seek no vengeance. As the play unfolds, each young man approaches the desire for revenge and chooses a different path towards gaining it based on the guidance of another character in the play. Fortinbras good decisions and self-control, as well as, Hamlet and Laertes bad decisions can be attributed to the outside guidance they receive. Fortinbras, son of the slain ability of Norway, is the first to seek revenge. Although King Hamlet , the now deceased King of Denmark, held sole responsibility for the death of King Fortinbras, young Prince Fortinbras seeks vengeance toward the entire country of Denmark. Horatio, a friend of Hamlet?s, said, ?As it doth well appear unto our state, but to recover of us by strong hand and terms compulsatory, those foresaid lands so by his father lost (I.i.101-104). By this, Horatio is saying Fortinbras plans to forcefully regain the land King Hamlet took from King Fortinbras. Fortunately, King Claudius, the new King of Denmark, intervenes and sends two courtiers, Cornelius and Voltemand, to Norway in hopes of convincing the new King of Norway, Fortinbras? uncle, to prevent the attack. Upon hearing the message, Fortinbras? uncle vetoes Fortinbras? plan to wage war on Denmark. However, he encourages Fortinbras ?to employ his anger, against the Polack? in order to vent his rage (II.ii.74-75). After taking the advice of his uncle, Fortinbras to boot ?makes vow before his uncle never mor e to have th? assay of arms against your majesty,? (II.ii.70-71). This intervention could be what saves Fortinbras? life. With the counseling of his uncle, Fortinbras is able to put aside his liking to settle the score for his father?s murder. In the end, he is greatly rewarded. Because of his persistent doubt of whether Claudius did, in fact, kill his father Hamlet defers making pla... ...events leading(a) to the success of Fortinbras and the failure of Hamlet and Laertes was initiated by a command from someone close to them. King Claudius had an ulterior motive of saving his land, yet by congress Fortinbras? uncle of Fortinbras? plan to attack Denmark his uncle was able to deter his nephew?s anger. By choosing not to attack Denmark Fortinbras was able to avoid harm?s way. The ghost of Hamlet?s father caused Hamlet?s death by advising Hamlet to seek revenge. Before his encounter with his father Hamlet did not want any disperse in the act of revenge. In attempt to pursue his fa ther?s wishes Hamlet kills Polonius, which causes his death. When Laertes listens to King Claudius he brings death upon both of them. Laertes did not think his sword would be used against him. In the end, the men?s fate was determined not only by their own feelings, but by the actions taken infra the command of another person. For Hamlet and Laertes successful revenge led them to death. The guidance he received, as well as, inner strength surmounted Fortinbras? need for revenge and led him to happiness. Works CitedShakespeare, William. Hamlet. Ed. Cyrus Hoy. 2nd ed. New York Norton, 1992.